This study evaluates the deployment of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies in China's cement industry, focusing on the optimal spatial layouts and the carbon-energy-water nexus. By integrating China's cement emission inventory with data on carbon storage sites, the research develops a source-sink matching model to assess CCUS deployment under various carbon mitigation scenarios. It also explores the implications of these deployments on energy and water consumption and economic costs.

This study explores the effectiveness of various emission reduction strategies in the Indian cement industry through a novel methodology that calculates emissions reduction per tonne of cement considering interdependencies of multiple measures. It specifically analyzes the impact of captive power plants (facilities that are dedicated to providing energy primarily for the private use of an industry or facility) and integrates this into the broader emission reduction framework. The unique approach allows for a detailed assessment of cumulative emission reductions and associated costs, providing a realistic view of potential emissions mitigation in a typical cement plant.

Evaluates various decarbonization strategies tailored for the European cement industry, exploring their potential impacts and viability under both current and anticipated future conditions. The assessment includes a range of technological and procedural options, analyzing their effectiveness in reducing emissions and their broader environmental implications.

Analyzes a novel carbon capture and utilization pathway proposed for decarbonizing the cement sector, comparing its performance against business as usual (BAU) and a CCS alternative. The integrated carbon capture and utilization (I-CCU) solution involves producing methanol using hydrogen from an electrolysis plant and CO₂ captured at an oxyfuel cement plant. The oxygen for the oxyfuel cement plant is supplied by the same electrolysis plant, eliminating the need for an air separation unit (ASU). This integration aims to enhance efficiency, but the solution's carbon footprint is highly dependent on the carbon intensity of the power grid. The paper highlights that BAU outperforms I-CCU in regions with high electricity emissions, which includes most of Europe. CCS is generally a more favorable alternative unless abundant renewable electricity is available. The paper emphasizes the importance of comparative analysis to ensure that energy integration and circularity are pursued effectively, considering the high energy demands and the best use of low-carbon electricity sources.

Provides a comprehensive analysis of decarbonising cement and concrete production, addressing strategies, technologies, policy considerations, case studies, economic implications, challenges and future recommendations. The cement and concrete industry are major contributors to carbon emissions and environmental degradation, making decarbonisation crucial for sustainable development. The paper explores various strategies, including alternative clinker technologies, carbon capture and storage, improved energy efficiency, low-carbon cements and circular economy approaches. Additionally, it examines technologies such as supplementary cementitious materials, carbonation, low-carbon concrete mixes, recycling and novel manufacturing processes. The importance of policy interventions, collaboration and standards and certifications is emphasised. Case studies and best practices highlight successful decarbonisation initiatives, while economic implications and market opportunities are considered. The paper also identifies challenges, including technological limitations, financing constraints, resistance to change and the need for awareness and education. Finally, future recommendations focus on pathways for deep decarbonisation, policy measures, research priorities and fostering collaboration. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers and industry professionals striving to achieve sustainable and low-carbon cement and concrete production.

Explores the substitution of conventional fossil fuels with alternative fuels (AF) in cement industries, aiming to improve energy efficiency and sustainability. It addresses the significant environmental impact and economic expenditure associated with the use of traditional fossil fuels, such as coal, in cement manufacturing. The study evaluates the performance of cement plants incorporating AF and provides recommendations for optimizing AF substitution. A comparative performance study was conducted, assessing alternative fuel characteristics and equipment performance before and after AF incorporation. Key aspects discussed include the challenges and procedures for incorporating AF, thermal optimization techniques, pre-processing and co-processing performance, and economic analysis.

This paper investigates how the cement industry, a significant contributor to global CO₂ emissions, can move toward net-zero emissions. The research employs an integrated framework that combines different modeling approaches to explore potential decarbonization pathways. The focus is on promoting energy-efficient technologies, which are crucial for reducing CO₂ and other harmful pollutants in the short term. These technologies can significantly lower emissions of substances like SO₂ and NOx, improving both environmental and health outcomes.

In the long term, the paper explores the implementation of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) as a key method to achieve net-zero emissions. The analysis considers the increasing role of BECCS in cement production but also highlights potential challenges, such as increased water and land use. The research emphasizes the need for a balanced approach, combining energy efficiency and negative emission technologies while managing the broader environmental impacts of these strategies.

This paper explores the long-term durability properties of geopolymer concrete, also known as geocrete, which is an innovative and eco-friendly material for building applications. Geocrete is known for its high early strength, cost-effectiveness, and minimal need for repairs. However, it has exhibited some instability over time compared to traditional cementitious composites. To address this, the paper reviews various studies aimed at improving the microstructure and durability of geocrete. The review covers the production of supplemental cementing materials (SCMs), their economic and environmental impacts, factors affecting durability, and the conceptual model for geopolymerization. It also discusses how geocrete demonstrates better resistance against aggressive environments compared to normal concrete, owing to its less porous structure. The paper highlights the role of materials like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and metakaolin (MK) in reducing alkali-silica reactivity and improving durability.

This paper addresses the pressing challenges faced by the cement industry, including the depletion of fossil fuels, scarcity of raw materials, increasing demand, environmental concerns, and economic pressures. The production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is a significant source of CO₂ emissions, necessitating improved production methods and alternative formulations to reduce environmental impact. The paper explores the potential of locally available minerals and recycled materials to substitute or replace OPC, and it reviews well-known cement replacement materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fumes. The paper presents a comprehensive review of current standards and practices in OPC-based cement production, highlighting emerging green alternatives and their benefits. It also discusses the economic aspects of cement production and trends in key regions like the UK, US, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), aiming to guide future developments in the industry.

Examines the CLEANKER project under the EU Horizon 2020 framework, focusing on the complete Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage value chain applied to the cement industry. The study evaluates Ca-looping technology for capturing CO₂ emissions from cement plants, including the integration of CO₂ utilization scenarios, such as the reuse of carbonated materials in concrete, and the examination of regulatory landscapes across multiple European countries. The approach combines technical and economic modeling with practical applications in the cement sector.

Conducts a technical evaluation of various CO₂ capture technologies retrofitted to a cement plant, including oxyfuel, chilled ammonia, membrane-assisted CO₂ liquefaction, and calcium looping processes. Using monoethanolamine (MEA) absorption as a reference, the study assesses emission abatement, energy performance, and retrofitability of each technology. It highlights the necessity of selecting CO₂ capture technologies based on specific plant conditions rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.

Carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is increasingly recognized as a crucial strategy for reducing anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. While most efforts have focused on coal power plants, this paper explores the potential for capturing CO₂ from cement and steel plants. These industries are viewed as promising targets due to the higher CO₂ concentrations in their emissions, which make them more amenable to current membrane technologies. The study evaluates the effectiveness and economic viability of using membrane-based systems for CO₂ capture in these sectors.

Explores a technology that utilizes CO₂ in concrete curing to enhance concrete properties, which has been commercialized across over 50 sites in the US and Canada. Initially relying on costly food-grade CO₂, the long-term goal is to create a sustainable loop by capturing CO₂ from cement plant emissions and using it in the production of concrete. This approach has gained traction as part of the Carbon XPrize, where it advanced to the second round. The paper details the integration of cryogenic carbon capture for CO₂ extraction from cement plant emissions, with trials and validations already underway.

This study examines the integration of the Calcium-Looping (CaL) process, a post-combustion CO₂ capture system, into a cement kiln through process simulations. The objective was to assess the feasibility and efficiency of employing the CaL method, which is commonly used in power generation, within the cement industry. The research highlights how this integration impacts fuel consumption and explores the potential for utilizing the additional energy generated to produce electricity using a Rankine cycle.

Several carbon capture technologies applicable to the cement industry are assessed in this paper, focusing on their readiness for commercial use and retrofit challenges. A unique Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale specific to the cement sector is introduced. The paper evaluates various methods like partial oxy-fuel combustion, amine scrubbing, and calcium looping, highlighting their progress and viability at TRL 6, where pilot systems have been demonstrated in relevant environments. Less advanced techniques include direct capture and full oxy-fuel combustion, both at earlier stages of development (TRL 4-5). The transition to TRL 7, which involves demonstration in a plant environment, presents significant hurdles. Factors crucial for a plant to be ready for carbon capture, such as spatial requirements and access to CO₂ transport, are discussed, alongside insights from the electricity sector on the economic aspects of implementing such technologies.

The European cement industry is actively engaging in climate protection by committing to reduce its CO₂ emissions. However, current CO₂ capture technologies are not fully prepared for widespread application in this sector. The CEMCAP project aims to bridge this gap by preparing for the large-scale implementation of CO₂ capture technologies in European cement manufacturing. CEMCAP's focus is on advancing technology readiness levels (TRL), particularly through the enhancement of oxyfuel and various post-combustion capture technologies, aiming for a 90% capture rate.

This paper explores various CO₂ capture technologies suitable for the cement industry. It begins by highlighting the challenge of reducing CO₂ emissions from cement plants. The paper acknowledges that traditional approaches to CO₂ capture, often developed for coal-based power plants, may also have relevance for the cement sector, where retrofitting existing plants with capture units is an option. Several methods for capturing CO₂ are discussed, including oxy-combustion and amine scrubbing, with an emphasis on their feasibility in cement manufacturing. The paper also introduces the calcium looping cycle as a novel method for CO₂ capture, noting that it offers a promising solution due to its low efficiency penalty and the potential use of purged lime as a raw material for cement production.

The paper further investigates how this technology could be integrated into cement plants, given the industry's existing reliance on limestone. It details the benefits of using local limestone resources and highlights how the calcium looping process could reduce CO₂ emissions while also optimizing energy use within the cement production process. The possibility of this approach being applicable to other industries is also considered, making it a potentially versatile solution for future CO₂ reduction efforts.

This paper investigates the potential for CO₂ mineralisation in the cement industry, focusing on how this process can both reduce emissions and generate profit. By utilizing integrated techno-economic modelling, the study examines the feasibility of storing CO₂ in solid form through the mineralisation of silicate minerals. The research aims to identify the conditions necessary for creating a viable business case for CO₂ mineralisation, emphasizing the importance of using the resulting products in cement blends for construction and securing emission certificates. Additionally, it explores the critical factors of mineral transport and product composition in achieving successful implementation.

Provides a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of CO₂ capture technologies retrofitted to a cement plant, assessing the cost implications of MEA-based absorption, oxyfuel, chilled ammonia-based absorption, membrane-assisted CO₂ liquefaction, and calcium looping. It focuses on the increase in clinker cost and the cost of CO₂ avoided for each technology, emphasizing the influence of variable factors such as steam source, electricity mix, and specific plant characteristics on the economic outcomes.

This paper presents a techno-economic assessment of different electrification options for cement production. It examines four electrified cement plant scenarios: direct electrification with plasma technologies, indirect electrification via hydrogen combustion and oxy-combustion of alternative fuels, a combination of direct electrification with alternative fuels combustion and post-combustion CO₂ capture, and the electrification of the hydraulic Calcium Hydro Silicate production process. Using Aspen Plus for process modeling, the study estimates mass and energy balances and calculates key performance indicators. The research explores the trade-offs between electricity demand and CO₂ capture levels, as well as the economic competitiveness of each electrification method under varying electricity cost scenarios. The study provides a detailed comparison of these electrified processes against benchmark plants with CO₂ capture technologies.

This paper explores the concept of electrifying the calciner in cement production to significantly reduce CO₂ emissions. Cement production is a major source of CO₂ emissions, largely due to the calcination process (CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂). The research investigates how electrification of the calciner, responsible for much of the process emissions, can help mitigate this. A process simulation model, built in Aspen Plus, is used to study this electrification, comparing different scenarios that involve varying levels of gas recycling. The model is first calibrated using data from a coal-fired calciner to ensure accuracy before applying electrification.

The paper's key objective is to establish a comparative framework for different electrified calciner designs. These include scenarios with and without gas recycling, providing a foundation for evaluating energy demands and CO₂ capture efficiency. By using Aspen Plus simulations, the study aims to create a reference model for assessing the energy and emission outcomes of these alternative designs. The paper provides insights into how different degrees of electrification impact the overall efficiency and potential energy use in a cement plant.

Outlines crucial steps to significantly reduce carbon emissions in cement and steel production, critical materials for global infrastructure. Recognizing the urgency of net-zero emissions by 2050, it highlights the need for updated manufacturing processes, including the application of carbon capture and storage to mitigate the extensive CO₂ output from these industries. The focus is on both rethinking traditional production methods and integrating innovative technologies to enhance sustainability and efficiency.

This paper investigates the decarbonization of cement production, focusing on various methods to reduce CO₂ emissions. The global production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is approximately 3.5 billion tons annually, with significant CO₂ emissions. The paper describes the composition of OPC, primarily made of clinker and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The cement production process includes raw material extraction, clinker production, and cement grinding, with limestone as the main feed constituent. The majority of CO₂ emissions come from the calcination process. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of decarbonization options, including energy efficiency improvements, alternative fuels, and CCS. It discusses the potential, challenges, and limits of these technologies without exploring their capital costs. The analysis includes waste heat recovery (WHR), digitalization for process control improvements, and the feasibility of hydrogen and electrification as alternative heat sources. Additionally, the paper examines the role of SCMs in reducing clinker usage and their impact on emissions. The discussion covers different CCS technologies, such as post-combustion capture, oxyfuel combustion, and the Direct Separation Reactor (DSR), and their feasibility in cement production.

Examines various measures to decarbonize cement production, including clinker substitution, use of alternative fuels, kiln improvements, and CCS. It uses prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify CO₂-eq. emissions mitigation potentials for typical European cement production until 2050. The study integrates environmental product declaration data with a modified life cycle inventory database, incorporating scenarios developed using the Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment (IMAGE). These scenarios translate socio-economic factors into environmental data following Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). The paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how different decarbonization measures and future socio-economic developments can reduce emissions from cement production.

The paper presents a quantitative analysis of the environmental impacts of cement production, comparing scenarios with and without carbon capture and storage (CCUS) technologies. Utilizing GaBi software for life-cycle assessment, the study evaluates how CCUS can alter the industry's environmental footprint, particularly focusing on global warming potential and toxicity impacts. The objective is to understand and potentially mitigate the environmental consequences associated with CCUS deployment in the cement industry.

Reviews CO₂ capture and utilization technologies within the cement industry, addressing key methods and commercialized solutions. It covers the various capture techniques, such as amine scrubbing, calcium looping, direct separation, and oxy-combustion, highlighting the challenges and costs associated with these methods. Furthermore, the paper explores the use of CO₂ in cement-based materials and recycled aggregates through accelerated carbonation technology. The discussion extends to commercial technologies like Carbon8, Calera Corporation, CarbonCure, Solidia, Blue Planet, and Carbstone, examining their approaches to CO₂ sequestration, technology readiness levels, and patent activities. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of existing technologies and their implementation in mitigating CO₂ emissions in the construction sector.

The paper explores carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS) technologies in the cement industry, crucial for meeting climate targets. Despite the absence of commercial-scale CCUS applications in this sector, significant advancements have been made at the pilot scale. The study reviews these developments and outlines future plans for commercial deployment, highlighting the urgency and necessity of integrating CCUS in cement production to achieve decarbonization and comply with global climate agreements.

This paper provides an overview of the prospects for implementing bio-carbon capture and storage (bio-CCS) in the cement sector. It discusses the significant energy consumption and CO₂ emissions associated with cement production, highlighting the necessity of integrating CCS technologies to achieve substantial emission reductions. The paper also examines various technological options for decarbonizing cement manufacture, including the use of sustainable biomass for process heat and the combination of CCS with other carbon mitigation measures. Additionally, it addresses the business and policy frameworks required to support the deployment of these technologies. The report underscores the challenges and urgent need for action to align the cement sector with global net-zero emission targets by mid-century.

The study examines the long-term energy and CO₂ emission trajectories of the Swiss cement industry, aiming for net zero emissions by 2050. It utilizes a detailed techno-economic model within the Swiss TIMES Energy system Model (STEM), enhancing the traditional energy modeling framework to include material and product flows specific to cement production. This comprehensive approach allows for precise representation of technologies and accounts for emissions directly associated with cement processes. Through scenario analysis, the study assesses the impacts of energy efficiency improvements and decarbonization strategies, highlighting the economic and environmental stakes involved in transitioning to a sustainable cement industry.

Explores the adoption of CO₂ capture technology specifically within the cement industry, employing post-combustion methods. The study involves detailed model calculations to assess different methods of heat supply for the regeneration of the wash solution used in capturing CO₂. The analysis also estimates CO₂ avoidance costs and rates, focusing on the German cement industry as a case study to highlight the potential reductions in emissions.